Herbs & Botanicals · Chinese herb for stuffy nose
Magnolia flower
Magnolia biondii (also M. denudata, M. sprengeri) · also called Xin yi, xin yi hua, Flos Magnoliae, magnolia flower bud
Magnolia flower bud, or xin yi, is a Chinese herb used for blocked nose, hay fever-type symptoms, sinusitis and nose-related headache. Almost all human research is on multi-herb formulas, not the bud alone, and rated low to very low certainty. Avoid it in pregnancy and ask a doctor or pharmacist first if you take theophylline.
General information, not medical advice. Last substantive update · Not medically reviewed. A named clinician has not signed off on this page. How this page is made
About Magnolia flower
Magnolia flower bud (xin yi) is a classic Chinese herb for a blocked nose. The best human evidence is a placebo-controlled trial of a formula named after it, plus pooled analyses of Chinese herbal medicines. None tests the bud alone.
What it is
Magnolia flower bud, called xin yi in Chinese, is the dried bud of Magnolia biondii, M. denudata or M. sprengeri. The buds are fuzzy and aromatic, and are traditionally wrapped in cloth before boiling.
The oil is rich in terpenes such as 1,8-cineole. The buds also hold lignans such as magnolin and fargesin, and a few alkaloids. It is a different plant part and species from magnolia bark.
What the research shows
We found no controlled human trial of the bud on its own. A trial of 108 people with year-round allergic rhinitis found less sneezing, runny nose and congestion with the Xin-yi-san formula than with placebo. Other pooled analyses cover Chinese herbal medicines in general, and the evidence is rated low to very low.
Lab studies show that fargesin and other bud compounds block a calcium channel used by allergy cells, and a nasal oil mix helped allergic rats. These explain interest in the herb but do not show benefit in people.
Quality varies: in one study, one of the three official species fell below the standard for the main oil component.
At a glance
Traditional uses history, not proof
- Blocked nose and nasal discharge
- Allergic rhinitis (hay fever-type symptoms)
- Sinusitis
- Headache with a blocked nose
Studied for research
- Allergic rhinitis, formula trials: low certainty
- Chronic sinusitis, Chinese herbal medicines in general: very low certainty
- Cell and animal work on allergy and inflammation: no human proof
Main compounds
- 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) and other terpenes in the oil
- Lignans: magnolin, fargesin, eudesmin
- Magnoflorine (alkaloid)
Common forms
- Dried flower buds in decoction (wrapped in cloth, traditionally)
- Granules or patent medicines
- Part of multi-herb formulas such as Xin-yi-san
Research links: Trial: Xin-yi-san formula for perennial allergic rhinitis · Meta-analysis: Biyuan Tongqiao granules for allergic rhinitis (2025) · Review: chemistry and bioactivity of Flos Magnoliae · EMA public statement on estragole · Research Library · Genes & Biomarkers Library
The plant and its history
- Accepted scientific name
- Magnolia biondii Pamp.
- Naming authority
- Accepted in the GBIF backbone (key 3153889), exact match, checked 2026-10-25. M. denudata Desr. and M. sprengeri Pamp. were not queried.
- Common names
- Magnolia flower bud (English); Magnolia flower (English); Xin yi (Chinese (pinyin)); Xin yi hua (Chinese (pinyin)); Flos Magnoliae / Magnoliae Flos (Latin pharmacopoeial)
- Botanical family
- Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)
- Classification
- Plantae > Magnoliales > Magnoliaceae > Magnolia > Magnolia biondii
- Native range
- China (not verified here).
- Habitat
- Not verified.
- What the plant looks like
- Roots: Not verified.; Stems: Not verified.; Leaves: Not verified.; Flowers: Dried flower buds are fuzzy with fine hairs (secondary source).; Fruit: Not verified.
- Cultivation
- Not verified.
- Harvest and processing
- A 2018 study found oil yield of M. biondii buds peaked in January to February 2016 samples.
- Look-alikes and adulterants
- Name: Magnolia bark (Magnolia officinalis); Note: Different plant part and species with its own uses and cautions; see the magnolia bark page.; Name: Other Magnolia species sold as xin yi; Note: More than 20 species have been used clinically, which complicates identification.; Name: Xanthium fruit (cang er zi) and Angelica dahurica root (bai zhi); Note: Different herbs often paired with xin yi in nose formulas.
- Sustainability and conservation
- Not assessed.
Traditional use and history history, not clinical proof
| Tradition or era | Documented use | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese medicine | Blocked nose, nasal discharge, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis and headache. | p18673228 |
| Chinese Pharmacopoeia | Three species (M. biondii, M. denudata, M. sprengeri) are official sources, with a 1,8-cineole quality limit. | p40011674 |
| Modern trials (Taiwan and China, 2010 onward) | Formula trials and meta-analyses for allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. | p20546945 |
Traditional use shows how a plant was used. It does not show that a supplement works or is safe today.
What is inside, and how it may work
What the plant contains and how those compounds act in cells and animals. Laboratory and animal mechanisms are not proven effects in people.
Main compounds
| Compound | Family | Where it is concentrated | Activity studied | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol) PubChem 2758 | monoterpene | Bud volatile oil Varies by species | Main oil component in several analyses (28.92% in one M. biondii oil); reduced nitric oxide and JAK1/STAT1 signalling in mouse cells. 10 14 15 | Laboratory research |
| Beta-pinene PubChem 14896 | monoterpene | Bud volatile oil Varies by species | Second main oil component in one analysis (12.39%). 10 | Chemical analysis |
| Alpha-terpineol PubChem 17100 | monoterpene alcohol | Bud volatile oil Varies by species | Listed at 8.28% in one oil analysis. 10 | Chemical analysis |
| Estragole (methyl chavicol) PubChem 8815 | phenylpropene | Reported in Magnolia denudata (EMA list); amount not given Varies by species | Rodent liver carcinogen; not named in the oil analyses we read for xin yi, so presence and amount in the buds are unverified. 5 10 | Regulatory |
| Magnolin PubChem 12300056 | lignan | Bud (extract) Varies by species | Blocked calcium entry in cells. 8 | Laboratory research |
| Fargesin PubChem 10926754 | lignan | Bud (extract) Varies by species | Strongest ORAI1 blocker of the compounds tested; reduced T-cell growth and mast-cell degranulation in cells. 8 | Laboratory research |
| Eudesmin (pinoresinol dimethyl ether) PubChem 73117 | lignan | Bud (extract) Varies by species | Blocked calcium entry in cells. 8 | Laboratory research |
| Magnoflorine PubChem 73337 | alkaloid (benzylisoquinoline) | Bud (water-soluble fraction) Varies by species | Named in a 2008 review as a water-soluble bud compound; activity not described in the abstract. 12 | Review |
Mechanisms, receptors and pathways
| Target or pathway | Gene or receptor | What was found | Level |
|---|---|---|---|
| ORAI1 calcium channel in T cells and mast cells | ORAI1 | Fargesin, magnolin and eudesmin blocked store-operated calcium entry in cells. 8 | Laboratory research |
| JAK1/STAT1/iNOS inflammation signal | JAK1, STAT1, iNOS | Bud oil and eucalyptol reduced signalling in mouse macrophage cells. 14 | Laboratory research |
| Allergy in rats | Network-pharmacology targets (STAT3, IL1B, TLR4, PTGS2) | A two-herb nasal oil lowered IgE and inflammation in a small rat study. 11 | Animal research |
| Allergy and immune markers in people (formula) | IgE, IL-10, IL-8, sICAM-1 | Xin-yi-san changed these markers versus placebo. 17 | Human data |
| CYP1A2 inhibition (formula) | CYP1A2 | Xin-yi-san inhibits CYP1A2, mainly via imperatorin from Angelica dahurica. 9 | Lab and human records |
Absorption, metabolism and elimination
- Absorption
- Not studied in people for the buds.
- Distribution
- Not studied.
- Metabolism
- Estragole (if present) is activated by CYP and sulfotransferase enzymes in the liver (EMA statement). Formula inhibits CYP1A2.
- Elimination
- Not studied.
- Bioavailability
- Unknown.
Isolated compounds versus whole extracts
All human trials used multi-herb formulas. Isolated compounds (fargesin, magnolin, eucalyptol) have only been tested in cells. Nobody has tested whole buds alone in a controlled human trial that we found.
Nutritional composition
A medicinal herb, not a nutrient source.
2 low certainty3 very low certainty3 not enough evidence
What is Magnolia flower good for?
The main proposed uses and how strong the human evidence is for each. For magnolia flower, nearly all human evidence is for multi-herb formulas, so no rating is better than low.
Benefits, one by one
Each card is a research question, not a promise. Tap a goal to filter. Open a card to see the studies, doses and limits.
Perennial allergic rhinitis (Xin-yi-san formula)
Low certaintyOne placebo-controlled trial of 108 people in Taiwan found less sneezing, runny nose and congestion with the Xin-yi-san formula over 3 months. It is a multi-herb formula, not magnolia flower alone.
1 studiesTrials used a multi-herb formula; amounts are not reproduced here. As…
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
108 adults with perennial allergic rhinitis took the formula or placebo for 3 months in a double-blind trial.
Results
Lower sneezing, runny nose and congestion; lower nasal airflow resistance and bigger nostril area; lower serum IgE. No numbers in the abstract.
Effect sizes as reported
No effect sizes or confidence intervals in the abstract.
Why this rating
One double-blind trial, abstract only, formula not herb, no side-effect data, one region.
Form and dose studied
Trials used a multi-herb formula; amounts are not reproduced here. Ask a doctor or pharmacist about amounts.
Who was studied
Adults with perennial allergic rhinitis in Taiwan.
Limits
Cannot be credited to magnolia flower alone. Needs repeat in other groups.
Why researchers looked
Magnolia flower bud is the namesake herb of this classic nose formula.
Traditional use
Xin yi (magnolia flower bud) is a long-standing Chinese herb for blocked nose, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis and headache.
Proposed mechanism Lab only
Lab work suggests mast cell and T cell effects, but how the formula works in people is not settled.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Side effects were not reported in the abstract. See Safety for the theophylline interaction.
Allergic rhinitis, Biyuan Tongqiao granules as an add-on (formula meta-analysis)
Very low certaintyA pooled analysis of 38 trials found the 14-herb granules added to usual medicine gave better response and lower allergy markers than usual medicine alone. Whether magnolia flower is in this formula was not checked.
1 studiesTrials used a multi-herb formula; amounts are not reproduced here. As…
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
38 randomized trials, 4,228 people, add-on to Western medicine.
Results
Response rate RR 1.17 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.20); IL-4 SMD -1.30 (95% CI -1.62 to -0.98); fewer adverse reactions on trial sequential analysis.
Effect sizes as reported
Intervals from the abstract.
Why this rating
Add-on trials against open comparators, probably unblinded, formula contents not confirmed to include magnolia, authors call for more trials.
Form and dose studied
Trials used a multi-herb formula; amounts are not reproduced here. Ask a doctor or pharmacist about amounts.
Who was studied
People with allergic rhinitis, mostly in China.
Limits
Cannot be credited to magnolia flower; add-on trials are prone to bias.
Why researchers looked
A widely used Chinese patent-style formula for allergic rhinitis.
Traditional use
Chinese formulas combine several herbs for nasal complaints.
Proposed mechanism Unknown
Not known.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Fewer adverse reactions were reported in the pooled analysis, but side-effect reporting in such trials is often poor.
Chinese herbal medicine for allergic rhinitis in general (meta-analysis and guideline)
Very low certaintyA 2026 meta-analysis of 12 studies and an international TCM guideline both support Chinese herbal approaches for allergic rhinitis, but neither isolates magnolia flower.
2 studiesMixed Chinese herbal products; amounts not reproduced here.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
12 studies in the meta-analysis; the guideline drew on 351 randomized trials (43,276 people).
Results
Higher response rate (P < 0.001), lower adverse reaction rate (P = 0.003), lower IgE (P = 0.002) and quality-of-life score (P < 0.0001). The guideline made 10 strong and 22 weak recommendations; a magnolia-containing formula got a strong recommendation with low-quality evidence (summary-only).
Effect sizes as reported
P values only in the abstract.
Why this rating
Mixed products and controls; evidence not specific to magnolia flower; guideline is built from the same kind of trials.
Form and dose studied
Mixed Chinese herbal products; amounts not reproduced here.
Who was studied
People with allergic rhinitis.
Limits
Not about magnolia flower alone.
Why researchers looked
Shows the wider evidence in which xin yi formulas sit.
Traditional use
Syndrome-based Chinese medicine.
Proposed mechanism Unknown
Not known.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Both sources describe a favourable safety record, but trials report side effects poorly.
Mast cell and T cell effects in cells; nasal oil in rats
Not enough evidenceIn dish tests, fargesin and two other bud compounds blocked a calcium channel (ORAI1) that mast cells and T cells use. A nasal oil mix of magnolia and Xanthium buds eased allergy signs in rats. Neither has been tested in people.
2 studiesNot tested in people.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
No human data for isolated compounds or the oil.
Results
Lab and animal results only.
Effect sizes as reported
Not applicable.
Why this rating
Lab and animal work cannot show benefit in people; concentrations in dishes are high; rat groups of 5.
Form and dose studied
Not tested in people.
Who was studied
None.
Limits
Cell and animal results do not tell us anything about safety in people.
Why researchers looked
Explains why researchers study the herb for allergy.
Traditional use
Traditional use for nasal allergy.
Proposed mechanism Laboratory research
Fargesin blocked ORAI1 (IC50 12.46 uM) and cut T-cell growth and mast-cell degranulation in cells; the oil mix lowered IgE and inflammation in rats.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Cell-based findings do not predict human benefit.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (Chinese herbal medicines in general)
Very low certaintyA 2022 analysis of 34 trials found Chinese herbal medicines did better than placebo for chronic sinusitis symptoms and about the same as drugs. Magnolia flower alone was not tested.
2 studiesMany different products; amounts not reproduced here.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
34 randomized trials, 3,752 people; only 5 blinded.
Results
Better SNOT-20 and total nasal symptom scores than placebo in chronic rhinosinusitis; no difference from drug treatments. A 2025 review of 33 studies names BNO-1016 and Xiangju as promising, not magnolia.
Effect sizes as reported
Numbers not in the abstracts.
Why this rating
Many different formulas, few blinded trials, adverse events poorly reported, magnolia not named.
Form and dose studied
Many different products; amounts not reproduced here.
Who was studied
Adults with sinusitis.
Limits
Not specific to magnolia flower.
Why researchers looked
Xin yi is a classic sinusitis herb in Chinese medicine.
Traditional use
Used for sinusitis and nasal discharge in Chinese medicine.
Proposed mechanism Unknown
Not known.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Side-effect reporting was insufficient.
Sinus headache (traditional use only)
Not enough evidenceXin yi is traditionally used for headache that goes with a blocked nose. We found no trial of this use.
1 studiesNot applicable.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
No human trial found.
Results
No data.
Effect sizes as reported
No data.
Why this rating
Tradition only.
Form and dose studied
Not applicable.
Who was studied
Not applicable.
Limits
No evidence either way.
Why researchers looked
Classic indication in Chinese medicine.
Traditional use
Chinese medicine uses xin yi for headache with nasal congestion.
Proposed mechanism Unknown
Not known.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Unknown.
Anti-inflammatory activity in cells (bud oil and eucalyptol)
Not enough evidenceIn mouse immune cells, the bud oil and its main part eucalyptol lowered nitric oxide and the JAK1/STAT1 signal. This is lab work only.
2 studiesNot applicable.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
No human data.
Results
Cell results only.
Effect sizes as reported
Not applicable.
Why this rating
Mouse cell line; no animal or human follow-up in the abstract.
Form and dose studied
Not applicable.
Who was studied
None.
Limits
Does not show benefit in people.
Why researchers looked
Explains the anti-inflammatory claims.
Traditional use
Traditional anti-inflammatory use.
Proposed mechanism Laboratory research
Eucalyptol lowered JAK1 and STAT1 signalling in mouse cells.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Not tested in people.
Quality differs between the three source species
Low certaintyThe Chinese Pharmacopoeia lists three source species. In one study of buds from Hubei, 1,8-cineole met the 1% standard in two species but not in M. sprengeri, so products may vary.
3 studiesNot applicable.
Studies, doses and limits
What the trials found
Chemical analysis, not a human study.
Results
1,8-cineole 14.50% to 16.40% (M. biondii), up to 17.87% (M. denudata), 1.07% (M. sprengeri).
Effect sizes as reported
Percentages from the abstract.
Why this rating
Single province, chemistry only; says nothing about clinical effect.
Form and dose studied
Not applicable.
Who was studied
Not applicable.
Limits
Different species and harvest stage give different oil; label may not say which was used.
Why researchers looked
Matters because the main oil part (1,8-cineole) differs between species.
Traditional use
Chinese pharmacopoeia sets a minimum for 1,8-cineole.
Proposed mechanism Unknown
Not applicable.
A proposed mechanism does not show that the effect happens in people.
Quality information, not a health benefit.
Connections to the rest of health
How Magnolia flower connects to the rest of our health knowledge graph. Every link says what kind of connection it is. A safety link (for example to the liver) is a warning, not a benefit. A study that merely mentions a topic never creates a benefit link.
Explore every connection: goals, body systems, organs, symptoms, genes
A. Wellness goals
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seasonal Wellness | Traditional use | Low certainty | Perennial allergic rhinitis (Xin-yi-san formula): One placebo-controlled trial of 108 people in Taiwan found less sneezing, runny nose and congestion with the Xin-yi-san formula over 3 months. It is a multi-herb formula, not magnolia flower alone. Allergic rhinitis, Biyuan Tongqiao granules as an add-on (formula meta-analysis): A pooled analysis of 38 trials found the 14-herb granules added to usual medicine gave better response and lower allergy markers than usual medicine alone. Whether magnolia flower is in this formula was not checked. | 17 1 |
| Breathing Support | Traditional use | Low certainty | Perennial allergic rhinitis (Xin-yi-san formula): One placebo-controlled trial of 108 people in Taiwan found less sneezing, runny nose and congestion with the Xin-yi-san formula over 3 months. It is a multi-herb formula, not magnolia flower alone. Sinus headache (traditional use only): Xin yi is traditionally used for headache that goes with a blocked nose. We found no trial of this use. | 17 12 |
| Seasonal Wellness | Very low certainty | Chinese herbal medicine for allergic rhinitis in general (meta-analysis and guideline): A 2026 meta-analysis of 12 studies and an international TCM guideline both support Chinese herbal approaches for allergic rhinitis, but neither isolates magnolia flower. Mast cell and T cell effects in cells; nasal oil in rats: In dish tests, fargesin and two other bud compounds blocked a calcium channel (ORAI1) that mast cells and T cells use. A nasal oil mix of magnolia and Xanthium buds eased allergy signs in rats. Neither has been tested in people. | 18 6 8 11 | |
| Breathing Support | Very low certainty | Chronic rhinosinusitis (Chinese herbal medicines in general): A 2022 analysis of 34 trials found Chinese herbal medicines did better than placebo for chronic sinusitis symptoms and about the same as drugs. Magnolia flower alone was not tested. | 4 2 | |
| Inflammation Balance | Not enough evidence | Anti-inflammatory activity in cells (bud oil and eucalyptol): In mouse immune cells, the bud oil and its main part eucalyptol lowered nitric oxide and the JAK1/STAT1 signal. This is lab work only. | 14 12 | |
| Holistic Balance | Low certainty | Quality differs between the three source species: The Chinese Pharmacopoeia lists three source species. In one study of buds from Hubei, 1,8-cineole met the 1% standard in two species but not in M. sprengeri, so products may vary. | 15 10 16 |
B. Body systems
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory system | Traditional use | Very low certainty | Formula trials for allergic rhinitis; herb alone untested. Preparation or compound: Xin yi formulas |
17 |
| Respiratory System | Biological association | Low certainty | Studied for: Perennial allergic rhinitis (Xin-yi-san formula) Studied for: Allergic rhinitis, Biyuan Tongqiao granules as an add-on (formula meta-analysis) | 17 1 18 6 4 2 15 10 16 |
| Immune System | Biological association | Low certainty | Studied for: Perennial allergic rhinitis (Xin-yi-san formula) Studied for: Allergic rhinitis, Biyuan Tongqiao granules as an add-on (formula meta-analysis) | 17 1 18 6 8 11 14 12 |
| Nervous System | Biological association | Not enough evidence | Studied for: Sinus headache (traditional use only) | 12 |
I. Biomarkers
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal symptoms and airflow | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 17 1 |
| Serum IgE | Biological association | Very low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 17 18 |
| Interleukin-4 (IL-4) | Biological association | Very low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 1 |
| Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20) | Biological association | Very low certainty | Measured in trials: lowered. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 4 |
| 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) content of the buds | Biological association | Low certainty | Measured in trials: varies by species. A lab change is not the same as a health benefit. | 15 |
J. Genes, receptors and enzymes
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preliminary mechanism | Calcium channel blocked by fargesin in cells. | 8 |
L. Active compounds
| Connected to | Kind of connection | Evidence status | Context | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol) | Biological association | In vitro | Main oil component in several analyses (28.92% in one M. biondii oil); reduced nitric oxide and JAK1/STAT1 signalling in mouse cells. Preparation or compound: Bud volatile oil |
10 14 15 |
| Beta-pinene | Biological association | Chemical analysis | Second main oil component in one analysis (12.39%). Preparation or compound: Bud volatile oil |
10 |
| Alpha-terpineol | Biological association | Chemical analysis | Listed at 8.28% in one oil analysis. Preparation or compound: Bud volatile oil |
10 |
| Estragole (methyl chavicol) | Biological association | Regulatory | Rodent liver carcinogen; not named in the oil analyses we read for xin yi, so presence and amount in the buds are unverified. Preparation or compound: Reported in Magnolia denudata (EMA list); amount not given |
5 10 |
| Magnolin | Biological association | In vitro | Blocked calcium entry in cells. Preparation or compound: Bud (extract) |
8 |
| Fargesin | Biological association | In vitro | Strongest ORAI1 blocker of the compounds tested; reduced T-cell growth and mast-cell degranulation in cells. Preparation or compound: Bud (extract) |
8 |
| Eudesmin (pinoresinol dimethyl ether) | Biological association | In vitro | Blocked calcium entry in cells. Preparation or compound: Bud (extract) |
8 |
| Magnoflorine | Biological association | Review | Named in a 2008 review as a water-soluble bud compound; activity not described in the abstract. Preparation or compound: Bud (water-soluble fraction) |
12 |
Each connection is stored with the ingredient, the connected record, the kind of connection, the evidence status, the supporting studies, the preparation or compound involved, and a review date (last reviewed October 25, 2026).
Evidence at a glance: what changed in 4 lab markers
Tap a number to show only those markers. Counts are markers, not people.
The evidence
The research centre for Magnolia flower. Every record here was checked against PubMed or the publisher's page; we never list a study we have not verified.
Evidence by outcome
Bars show how many studies we found for each outcome, not how well it works. People are added up across trials only (reviews are not added, to avoid double counting).
How we rate evidence
High certainty
Several well-run trials or reviews agree; further research is unlikely to change the picture much.
Moderate certainty
Good trials point the same way, but some doubt remains.
Low certainty
Small, short or inconsistent trials. The finding could change with better research.
Very low certainty
Very little or very weak human data. Treat as a possibility only.
Mixed findings
Trials or reviews disagree with each other.
Not enough evidence
Not enough human research to say either way.
Evidence against
Good research found no benefit, or found harm.
We take the reviewers' own risk-of-bias and GRADE statements where they exist, and otherwise judge from study size, design, consistency, directness and whether a product matches what is sold. Many publications do not make evidence high. Method note: We started from our existing magnolia flower summary, then read the PubMed abstract of every study cited and the full EMA estragole statement. We checked the plant name in GBIF and compounds in PubChem. Not verified: LiverTox, LactMed, FDA, NCCIH, Commission E, WHO; pregnancy, yin-deficiency and cloth-wrapping statements come from search summaries of commercial and consumer sites. Certainty ratings are the compiler's reading.
Study library: every study we checked 18
| Study | Design | People | Product, dose, length | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chai 2025 Efficacy and safety of biyuan tongqiao granules in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials J Ethnopharmacol · PMID 40024455 · DOI |
Meta-analysis |
4228 People with allergic rhinitis; 38 randomized trials |
Biyuan Tongqiao granules (14-herb Chinese formula) added to Western medicine formula; whether it contains magnolia flower was not checked Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Western medicine alone |
Added to Western medicine, the granules gave a higher clinical response rate (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.20), larger drops in nasal symptom scores, and larger drops in IL-4 (SMD -1.30, 95% CI -1.62 to -0.98). Trial sequential analysis suggested fewer adverse reactions. Higher response rate than Western medicine alone (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.20) Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Clinical efficacy, nasal symptom scores, cytokines (IL-4, TNF-alpha), adverse reactions Limitations: Add-on design, not a placebo test. The abstract does not rate the trials as high or low risk. The authors say more trials are needed. Magnolia flower content of the formula not checked. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Choulakis 2025 Traditional herbal medicine in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review Rhinology · PMID 40202087 · DOI |
Systematic review review |
People with acute or chronic rhinosinusitis; 33 clinical studies, 11 herbal preparations | Herbal preparations (BNO-1016, Xiangju and others) not specific to magnolia flower Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Various |
The abstract highlights BNO-1016 for acute rhinosinusitis and the Chinese preparation Xiangju as possibly useful in chronic rhinosinusitis. Magnolia flower alone is not named in the abstract. Some preparations promising; magnolia not named Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Symptoms and clinical scores Limitations: Abstract only; magnolia not named so it cannot be credited. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Compiler search 2026 Searches for EMA/HMPC monograph, LiverTox and LactMed entries for Magnolia flower bud PubMed and web searches |
Search record review |
Not applicable | Magnolia flower (Flos Magnoliae) flower bud Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Not applicable |
No EMA/HMPC monograph, LiverTox entry, LactMed entry or liver-injury case report for magnolia flower buds was found in the searches run. Searches were limited and a missing result is not proof that none exists. Nothing found Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Existence of regulator or liver entries Limitations: Search record only. Funding and conflicts: Not applicable Read: search-record |
| Cui 2022 Chinese herbal therapy in the management of rhinosinusitis-A systematic review and meta-analysis PLoS One 17 · PMID 36454862 · DOI |
Meta-analysis |
3752 Adults with rhinosinusitis, mostly chronic; 34 randomized trials |
Oral or nasal Chinese herbal medicines (many different) formulas; not specific to magnolia flower Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Placebo, no extra treatment, or usual drugs |
In chronic rhinosinusitis, herbal groups improved more than placebo on SNOT-20 and total nasal symptom scores. Against drugs there was no difference. Only 5 trials were blinded; heterogeneity and poor side-effect reporting limited conclusions. Numbers not in the abstract. Better than placebo, similar to drugs Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: SNOT-20, visual analogue symptom scores, CT and endoscopy scores Limitations: Many different formulas; few blinded trials; adverse events poorly reported. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| EMEA / HMPC 2005 Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing estragole (EMEA/HMPC/137212/2005) European Medicines Agency · Source |
Regulator statement regulator |
Not applicable | Estragole in herbal medicinal products Various plants Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Not applicable |
Calls estragole a naturally occurring genotoxic carcinogen in rodents (liver tumours in mice). Lists Magnolia denudata among plants in which estragole has been reported, without a content figure. Concludes that short-time use in adults at recommended posology does not pose a significant cancer risk, but exposure of young children, pregnant and breastfeeding women should be minimised. Precautionary advice for sensitive groups Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Hazard and risk statement Limitations: 2005 general statement on estragole, not a monograph on magnolia flower. Content of estragole in the buds not given. Funding and conflicts: Public regulator Read: full-text |
| Fu 2026 International Evidence-Based Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Management of Allergic Rhinitis Allergy · PMID 40944470 · DOI |
Guideline review |
43276 Guideline built on 351 randomized trials in allergic rhinitis |
TCM interventions: herbal and patent medicines, acupuncture, moxibustion formulas; magnolia flower content not shown in the abstract Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Various |
The guideline says TCM treatments eased allergic rhinitis symptoms and may reduce the need for drugs. The abstract does not name individual herbs. Our existing summary says a magnolia-containing formula (Xinyi Qingfei Yin) got a strong recommendation with low-quality evidence (GRADE-TCM 1C); that detail was not re-read. Guideline supports TCM approaches Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: 32 recommendations (10 strong, 22 weak) Limitations: Guideline of TCM practice; magnolia-specific detail summary-only. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract-plus-summary |
| GBIF Secretariat 2026 GBIF backbone match: Magnolia biondii Pamp. GBIF species API (usageKey 3153889) · Source |
Database entry review |
Not applicable | Not applicable not applicable Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Not applicable |
Magnolia biondii Pamp., status ACCEPTED, exact match, family Magnoliaceae, order Magnoliales. M. denudata and M. sprengeri were not queried. Name check only Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Accepted name check Limitations: Name check for one of three species. Funding and conflicts: Public database Read: api |
| Hong 2021 Flos magnoliae constituent fargesin has an anti-allergic effect via ORAI1 channel inhibition Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 25 · PMID 33859065 · DOI |
Laboratory research in-vitro |
Cells in a dish (human T cells, mast cells) | Fargesin, magnolin, eudesmin (isolated compounds from a 30% ethanol extract) flower bud Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Untreated cells |
Fargesin blocked ORAI1 (IC50 12.46 uM), reduced T-cell growth by 87.74% and mast-cell degranulation by 20.11% at 100 uM. Magnolin and eudesmin also blocked calcium entry. Cell-level anti-allergic activity Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Calcium entry, T-cell growth, mast-cell histamine release Limitations: Dish experiment only; high concentrations; not tested in people. Paper describes the herb as buds of Magnolia officinalis or related species, which differs from the usual three source species. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Kao 2024 Xin-yi-san contains potent human CYP1A2 inhibitors and its combined use with theophylline in treatment increases adverse risks in patients Phytomedicine · PMID 38797029 · DOI |
Cohort and lab |
201093 Theophylline users in Taiwan (2017-2018); 2.6% also used Xin-yi-san |
Xin-yi-san decoction formula; the strongest CYP1A2 inhibitor found was imperatorin from Angelica dahurica root, not magnolia Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Theophylline users not taking Xin-yi-san |
Xin-yi-san users on theophylline had more headaches (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.99 to 2.30) and tachycardia (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.77). Irregular heartbeat was more common only at high cumulative amounts (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.72). Death was less common in the herb group (OR 0.24). More theophylline side effects with the formula Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Theophylline-related side effects Limitations: Records-based, not a trial; confounding likely. The enzyme-blocking compound came from Angelica dahurica, so this is not a finding about magnolia flower itself. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Lu 2008 Analysis of the chemical constituents of essential oil from Magnolia biondii by GC-MS Zhong Yao Cai 31 · PMID 19260270 |
Chemical analysis chemistry |
Magnolia biondii buds | Steam-distilled essential oil flower bud Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Not applicable |
50 components identified; main ones eucalyptol (28.92%), beta-pinene (12.39%) and alpha-terpineol (8.28%). Estragole is not named among them in the abstract. Eucalyptol is the main oil component Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Oil components Limitations: Chinese-language abstract; one sample set. Funding and conflicts: Not stated Read: abstract |
| Lu 2026 Mechanisms of the Compound of Magnoliae Flos and Xanthii Fructus Essential Oils for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis based on the Integration of Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Animal Experiment Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 29 · PMID 39844421 · DOI |
Animal research animal |
20 Rats with induced allergic rhinitis (5 per group) |
Combined essential oils of Magnoliae Flos and Xanthii Fructus, given into the nose flower bud (plus Xanthium fruit) Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Untreated model rats and budesonide |
Nasal oil reduced symptoms, inflammatory cell infiltration and IgE in the rats. Main oil components listed: gamma-terpinene, limonene, menthol, beta-pinene, beta-caryophyllene, eucalyptol, linalool, eugenol. Rat model improvement Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Allergy symptoms, tissue changes, OVA-specific IgE Limitations: Rats only; 5 per group; two-herb oil mix, so not magnolia alone. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Shen 2008 Chemistry and bioactivity of Flos Magnoliae, a Chinese herb for rhinitis and sinusitis Curr Med Chem · PMID 18673228 |
Narrative review review |
Not applicable (chemistry and lab pharmacology) | Flos Magnoliae (more than 20 species used clinically) flower bud Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Not applicable |
Over 90% of the essential components are terpenoids. Lignans, neolignans and a few water-soluble compounds (magnoflorine, a cinnamate ester, a flavonoid) are present. Reported actions: anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial. More than 20 species have been used clinically, which makes identification hard. Describes chemistry and lab activity Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Chemistry and bioactivity Limitations: Review of lab work; 2008. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Various commercial and consumer sites 2026 Magnolia flower bud monographs (acupuncturetoday.com, 5000yan.com, WebMD magnolia page) Web search results · Source |
Secondary web secondary |
Not applicable | Magnolia flower bud (xin yi hua) flower bud Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Not applicable |
Search snippets say the buds are fuzzy, are wrapped in cloth before decoction, and should be used with caution in yin deficiency with exuberant fire. Consumer references advise against oral use in pregnancy because magnolia might stimulate uterine contractions. No source mentioned throat irritation. Traditional cautions and pregnancy warning Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Preparation notes and cautions Limitations: Secondary sources read only as search summaries, not full pages; no primary study behind the pregnancy statement was found. WebMD page may refer to magnolia in general. Funding and conflicts: Commercial sites; not assessed Read: search-summary |
| Wang 2026 Magnoliae flos (Shin-i) Essential Oil and Its Principal Component Eucalyptol Inhibit JAK1 to Counteract the LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Inflammation Chem Biodivers 23 · PMID 41779444 · DOI |
Laboratory research in-vitro |
Mouse macrophage cells (RAW264.7) | Magnoliae flos essential oil and eucalyptol flower bud Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Untreated cells |
Oil and eucalyptol lowered nitric oxide and ROS and reduced JAK1 and STAT1 phosphorylation in cells. Cell-level anti-inflammatory activity Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Nitric oxide, ROS, JAK1/STAT1 signalling Limitations: Mouse cell line only. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Wu 2025 Assessment of quality in volatile oil from three basic sources of Xinyi from Hubei by anatomy, GC-MS, and chemometric methods Sci Rep 15 · PMID 40011674 · DOI |
Chemical analysis chemistry |
Buds from Hubei, China | Volatile oil from Magnolia biondii, M. denudata and M. sprengeri flower bud Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Not applicable |
1,8-cineole reached 14.50% to 16.40% in M. biondii and up to 17.87% in M. denudata, but only 1.07% in M. sprengeri. The first two exceeded the Pharmacopoeia 1% standard; M. sprengeri did not. Quality differs between the three species Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Oil yield and 1,8-cineole content Limitations: One province; not a clinical study. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Wu W. 2000 GC-MS analysis of chemical components in essential oil from Flos magnoliae Zhong Yao Cai 23 · PMID 12575280 |
Chemical analysis chemistry |
Three Xinyi species | Essential oil of M. biondii, M. denudata, M. sprengeri flower bud Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Not applicable |
Main components were 1,8-cineole, sabinene, beta-pinene, alpha-pinene and trans-caryophyllene. Estragole is not named in the abstract. Terpenes dominate the oil Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Oil components Limitations: Short Chinese abstract. Funding and conflicts: Not stated Read: abstract |
| Yang 2010 Traditional Chinese medicine, Xin-yi-san, reduces nasal symptoms of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis by its diverse immunomodulatory effects Int Immunopharmacol · PMID 20546945 · DOI |
Controlled trial |
108 Adults with perennial allergic rhinitis, Taiwan |
Xin-yi-san herbal formula (a multi-herb formula; the abstract does not list the herbs) formula; magnolia flower bud is the namesake herb, other herbs not listed in the abstract Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Placebo |
Sneezing, runny nose and congestion were reduced versus placebo, with lower nasal airflow resistance and larger nostril area. Serum IgE was lower; IL-10, sICAM-1 and IL-8 were higher than placebo. PGE2 and LTC4 release did not change. No numbers or P values are given in the abstract. Better nasal symptoms than placebo for the formula Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Nasal symptoms, nasal airflow resistance, nostril area, serum IgE to dust mite, cytokines Limitations: Formula, not single herb. Abstract gives no effect sizes, no side-effect data and no funding statement. Single region. Authors had earlier studied a mixed formula. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
| Zhu 2026 Efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine in allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis Braz J Otorhinolaryngol · PMID 41650669 · DOI |
Meta-analysis |
People with allergic rhinitis; 12 studies | Chinese herbal medicine products in general not specified in the abstract Not reproduced here Not reproduced here · vs Control treatments (varied) |
Response rate was higher and adverse-reaction rate lower with Chinese herbal medicine (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003). Blood IgE and quality-of-life questionnaire scores were lower (P = 0.002 and P < 0.0001). The abstract does not say magnolia flower was in the products. Better response rate than controls Methods, limits and fundingOutcomes: Response rate, nasal symptom scores, IgE, quality of life, adverse reactions Limitations: Not specific to magnolia flower. Mixed products and controls. Total number of people not in the abstract. Funding and conflicts: Not stated in the abstract Read: abstract |
What we do not know yet
- No controlled human trial of magnolia flower bud alone.
- No EU monograph, LiverTox or LactMed entry found.
- Estragole content of the buds is unestablished.
- Pregnancy warning rests on secondary sources.
How new research is added
New studies are found by a saved PubMed search and reviewed before the page is updated.
Lab markers
What changed in blood or saliva tests during trials. A changed number is not the same as feeling or being healthier, and we give no "normal ranges".
Other 5
Nasal symptoms and airflow
Lowered in trials
Sneezing, runny nose and congestion scores, plus nasal airflow resistance and nostril area measures.
Low certaintyResults and what it means
Why it was measured
Main measure of how well the nose works.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
Formula trials; symptom scores are self-rated.
Safety implication
Not reported.
| Study | Result | People | Product |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17 | Sneezing, runny nose and congestion reduced versus placebo; lower airflow resistance and larger nostril area (no numbers in the abstract). | 108 adults with perennial allergic rhinitis, Taiwan | Xin-yi-san vs placebo, 3 months |
| 1 | Larger drops in nasal symptom scores when granules were added to Western medicine. | 4,228 people, 38 trials | Biyuan Tongqiao granules add-on |
Serum IgE
Lowered in trials
Antibodies linked to allergy; high levels are common in allergic rhinitis.
Very low certaintyResults and what it means
Why it was measured
Marker of allergic activity.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
Lab marker, not a symptom; mixed products.
Safety implication
Not reported.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
Lowered in trials
A signalling protein that drives allergic inflammation.
Very low certaintyResults and what it means
Why it was measured
Tests whether allergic signalling falls.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
Marker only; add-on trials; formula not shown to contain magnolia.
Safety implication
Not reported.
| Study | Result | People | Product |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IL-4 SMD -1.30 (95% CI -1.62 to -0.98) with granules plus Western medicine vs Western medicine alone. | 38 trials | Biyuan Tongqiao granules add-on |
Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20)
Lowered in trials
A 20-question quality-of-life score for sinus disease; lower is better.
Very low certaintyResults and what it means
Why it was measured
Tracks how bothersome sinus symptoms are.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
Self-rated; products varied; few blinded trials.
Safety implication
Adverse events insufficiently reported.
| Study | Result | People | Product |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | Chronic rhinosinusitis: greater improvement than placebo in SNOT-20; no difference against drug treatments (numbers not in the abstract). | 3,752 people, 34 randomized trials | Various oral or nasal Chinese herbal medicines |
1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) content of the buds
Varies by species in trials
The main aroma oil component of xin yi, used as a quality marker.
Low certaintyResults and what it means
Why it was measured
Pharmacopoeia quality standard.
Statistical vs. clinical meaning
A quality marker, not a health outcome.
Safety implication
Not applicable.
| Study | Result | People | Product |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 | 14.50% to 16.40% in M. biondii, up to 17.87% in M. denudata, 1.07% in M. sprengeri. | Buds from Hubei | Volatile oil analysis |
Safety
What studies and official sources say about side effects, medicines and who should check first. Each point shows what kind of evidence it comes from.
Main points to know 6
- Safety in people has hardly been studied. We found no safety study, liver report, LiverTox or LactMed entry, or EU herbal monograph for magnolia flower buds. Traditional use is long, but absence of reports is not proof of safety. Absence of evidence 3
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: avoid. Consumer references say oral use in pregnancy is unsafe because magnolia may stimulate uterine contractions, and Chinese labels use the wording "use caution in pregnancy". These come from secondary sources, not from a study we could read. Breastfeeding data were not found. Authoritative guidance 13
- Estragole question. The EMA committee on herbal medicines lists Magnolia denudata among plants in which estragole has been reported, but gives no amount. Estragole is a rodent liver carcinogen; the committee judged short-term adult use of herbal products does not pose a significant cancer risk, and advised minimising exposure in young children and in pregnant and breastfeeding women. The main oil components in the abstracts we read for M. biondii were eucalyptol, pinenes and terpineol, and estragole was not named, so the actual amount in the buds is unknown to us. Regulatory 5 10 16
- Possible interaction with theophylline (from the formula). A Taiwan records study found Xin-yi-san users on theophylline had more headaches and fast heartbeat. The enzyme-blocking compound identified was imperatorin from Angelica dahurica root, not magnolia flower, but the finding concerns the formula. Cohort study 9
- Hairy buds and cloth wrapping. The buds are covered in fine hairs, and sources say they are wrapped in cloth before being boiled. We found no source confirming that the hairs irritate the throat if swallowed; this is unverified. Authoritative guidance 13
- Not the same as magnolia bark. Magnolia bark (Magnolia officinalis) is a different plant part with different uses and cautions. Evidence does not carry across. Authoritative guidance 8
Side effects 3
| Effect | How often | Severity and recovery | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Side effects of the formulas in trials The formula meta-analysis suggests fewer adverse reactions than comparators, but reporting in these trials is often poor. | Not reported in the abstracts | unknown Not reported | Controlled trial 17 1 |
| Headache and fast heartbeat when combined with theophylline Formula-level finding; attributed to Angelica dahurica compounds. | OR 2.14 for headache, OR 1.83 for tachycardia | mild to moderate Not reported | Cohort study 9 |
| Nasal irritation or dryness Asked about; no report found. A rat-tissue study of an experimental nasal oil reported no lining irritation in the existing summary (not re-read). | Not established | unknown Not reported | Absence of evidence 3 |
Liver
No liver injury case from magnolia flower buds and no LiverTox page was found. Separately, estragole is a liver carcinogen in rodents at high doses; whether the buds contain meaningful estragole is not established. 3 5
How often. No data.
Monitoring. No agency advice found. People with liver disease should ask a doctor first.
This is a safety connection. It is not evidence that Magnolia flower supports liver health.
Medicines and supplements 3
| With | Why it matters | Importance | Evidence | What to do |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theophylline drug | Xin-yi-san contains CYP1A2 inhibitors (imperatorin from Angelica dahurica); theophylline is cleared by CYP1A2. | More headache and tachycardia in records of users | Cohort study Low certainty 9 | Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you use theophylline and any xin yi formula. |
| Blood thinners (warfarin, antiplatelet drugs) drug | A 2008 review notes that some bud lignans block platelet-activating factor in lab tests; no human study of bleeding. | Unknown | Pharmacological theory Not enough evidence 12 | Theoretical only; ask a pharmacist if you take a blood thinner. |
| Other herbs in the same formula herb | Real-world products combine xin yi with other herbs such as Angelica dahurica and Xanthium. | Cannot separate effects | Authoritative guidance Not enough evidence 9 11 | Check the full ingredient list. |
Who should check first 5
| Situation | Advice | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy | Avoid oral use; secondary sources warn of uterine stimulation. | Authoritative guidance 13 |
| Breastfeeding | No data found; avoid unless a doctor advises. | Absence of evidence 3 |
| Young children | The EMA estragole statement advises minimising exposure; ask a doctor. | Regulatory 5 |
| Yin deficiency with heat signs (traditional caution) | Traditional Chinese medicine advises caution; this is a tradition-based rule, not a tested one. | Authoritative guidance 13 |
| Allergy to magnolia or related plants | Avoid; allergy has not been studied. | Absence of evidence 3 |
Overdose, product quality and regulators
Summary. No human toxicity study was found for the buds. Rodent toxicity of estragole itself is well described, but the buds were not tested.
Animal. Not read for the buds.
Human doses studied. Not reproduced.
High dose or long term signals. None found; long-term safety unknown.
Overdose response. Not described.
Genotoxicity. Estragole is genotoxic after metabolic activation in rodents (EMA statement). Not tested for the buds.
Toxic plant parts. Not identified.
Species mix-up is a documented quality issue: more than 20 species are used as xin yi, and in one study M. sprengeri fell below the standard for 1,8-cineole.
| Body | Action | Date |
|---|---|---|
| EMA / HMPC (European Union) | No monograph for Magnolia flower buds found. A general public statement on estragole (2005) lists Magnolia denudata among plants where estragole is reported and advises minimising exposure in young children and in pregnant and breastfeeding women. source |
When to get medical help
- Hives, facial or throat swelling, or trouble breathing after using it.
- Vaginal bleeding or cramps in pregnancy after taking it.
- Fast or irregular heartbeat, especially if you take theophylline.
- Yellow skin or eyes, dark urine or severe stomach pain.
Stop the supplement and contact a clinician or emergency service. In the US, Poison Control is 1-800-222-1222.
General information only, not medical advice. Ask a clinician or pharmacist before use, especially with medicines, in pregnancy or with a health condition. See the Natural Remedy Safety guide.
Frequently asked questions
What is magnolia flower (xin yi)?
Does magnolia flower help allergic rhinitis?
A formula named Xin-yi-san beat placebo in one trial of 108 people, but it contains other herbs and the abstract gives no numbers. We found no trial of the bud alone. Certainty is low.
What do the big reviews say?
Is it good for sinusitis?
Does it help sinus headache?
It is used traditionally for headache with a blocked nose. We found no trial.
Is magnolia flower safe in pregnancy?
What about estragole?
Estragole is a rodent liver carcinogen. The EMA lists Magnolia denudata among plants where it has been reported, without an amount, and advises minimising exposure for young children and pregnant or breastfeeding women. The oil analyses we read for xin yi name eucalyptol and pinenes, not estragole, so the real amount is unknown to us.
Can it interact with medicines?
Why are the buds wrapped in cloth?
Sources say the fuzzy buds are wrapped in cloth for boiling. We could not confirm that swallowing the hairs irritates the throat.
Who should be careful?
Is it the same as magnolia bark?
No. Magnolia bark comes from Magnolia officinalis and has different uses and cautions.
How much should I take?
We do not give amounts. Ask a doctor or pharmacist, especially because products and formulas vary.
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Editorial transparency
- Written by
- AlternativeMed editorial team. Research compiled with AI assistance, then checked against PubMed records.
- Medical review
- None. This page has not been reviewed by a physician or pharmacist.
- First published
- 2026-10-25
- Last substantive update
- 2026-10-25
- How we research
- We started from our existing magnolia flower summary, then read the PubMed abstract of every study cited and the full EMA estragole statement. We checked the plant name in GBIF and compounds in PubChem. Not verified: LiverTox, LactMed, FDA, NCCIH, Commission E, WHO; pregnancy, yin-deficiency and cloth-wrapping statements come from search summaries of commercial and consumer sites. Certainty ratings are the compiler's reading.
- How we rate evidence
- See "How we rate evidence" in the Evidence tab.
- Independence
- No product is promoted on this page. No affiliate links are shown.
Sources 18
Each source was opened and checked. Where we read only the abstract, it says so. The small numbers in the text point here.
- Chai K, Wang W, Wang H, et al.. Efficacy and safety of biyuan tongqiao granules in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Ethnopharmacol. 2025. PMID 40024455. DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2025.119572. (abstract)
- Choulakis K, Karatzanis A, Skoulakis C.. Traditional herbal medicine in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Rhinology. 2025. PMID 40202087. DOI 10.4193/Rhin23.526. (abstract)
- Compiler search. Searches for EMA/HMPC monograph, LiverTox and LactMed entries for Magnolia flower bud. PubMed and web searches. 2026. (search-record)
- Cui J, Lin W, May BH, et al.. Chinese herbal therapy in the management of rhinosinusitis-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 17. 2022. PMID 36454862. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0278492. (abstract)
- EMEA / HMPC. Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing estragole (EMEA/HMPC/137212/2005). European Medicines Agency. 2005. (full-text)
- Fu QW, Liu P, Ruan Y, et al.. International Evidence-Based Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Management of Allergic Rhinitis. Allergy. 2026. PMID 40944470. DOI 10.1111/all.70057. (abstract-plus-summary)
- GBIF Secretariat. GBIF backbone match: Magnolia biondii Pamp.. GBIF species API (usageKey 3153889). 2026. (api)
- Hong PTL, Kim HJ, Kim WK.. Flos magnoliae constituent fargesin has an anti-allergic effect via ORAI1 channel inhibition. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 25. 2021. PMID 33859065. DOI 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.3.251. (abstract)
- Kao LT, Chen AC, Wang HJ, et al.. Xin-yi-san contains potent human CYP1A2 inhibitors and its combined use with theophylline in treatment increases adverse risks in patients. Phytomedicine. 2024. PMID 38797029. DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155760. (abstract)
- Lu JQ, Xu YT, Zhan XL, et al.. Analysis of the chemical constituents of essential oil from Magnolia biondii by GC-MS. Zhong Yao Cai 31. 2008. PMID 19260270. (abstract)
- Lu T, Yang Y, Yang Z, et al.. Mechanisms of the Compound of Magnoliae Flos and Xanthii Fructus Essential Oils for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis based on the Integration of Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Animal Experiment. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 29. 2026. PMID 39844421. DOI 10.2174/0113862073333657241216040227. (abstract)
- Shen Y, Li CG, Zhou SF.. Chemistry and bioactivity of Flos Magnoliae, a Chinese herb for rhinitis and sinusitis. Curr Med Chem. 2008. PMID 18673228. (abstract)
- Various commercial and consumer sites. Magnolia flower bud monographs (acupuncturetoday.com, 5000yan.com, WebMD magnolia page). Web search results. 2026. (search-summary)
- Wang W, Zhang X, Ou P, et al.. Magnoliae flos (Shin-i) Essential Oil and Its Principal Component Eucalyptol Inhibit JAK1 to Counteract the LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Inflammation. Chem Biodivers 23. 2026. PMID 41779444. DOI 10.1002/cbdv.202501983. (abstract)
- Wu X, Yin W, Li Y, et al.. Assessment of quality in volatile oil from three basic sources of Xinyi from Hubei by anatomy, GC-MS, and chemometric methods. Sci Rep 15. 2025. PMID 40011674. DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-91477-z. (abstract)
- Wu W.. GC-MS analysis of chemical components in essential oil from Flos magnoliae. Zhong Yao Cai 23. 2000. PMID 12575280. (abstract)
- Yang SH, Yu CL, Chen YL, et al.. Traditional Chinese medicine, Xin-yi-san, reduces nasal symptoms of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis by its diverse immunomodulatory effects. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010. PMID 20546945. DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.05.008. (abstract)
- Zhu H, Wang Y, Zhang H, et al.. Efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine in allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2026. PMID 41650669. DOI 10.1016/j.bjorl.2026.101769. (abstract)