Elderberry
Elderberry: what NIH says about colds and flu, why raw or unripe elderberries are poisonous, and what is unknown about other uses.
Content last updated . This page has not been medically reviewed.
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Do not eat raw or unripe elderberries, or the leaves and stems of the elder tree. They contain poisonous cyanide-producing substances that can cause nausea, vomiting and severe diarrhea. Cooking eliminates this toxin. [1]
Overview
Elderberry is the dark purple berry of the European or black elder tree, which grows in Europe, North America, Western Asia and North Africa. It has been used in folk medicine for colds and flu, and is promoted as a supplement for colds, flu and other conditions. It has also been promoted for COVID-19, but there is no good evidence to support that use. [1]Names and parts
Sambucus nigra, also called black elderberry or European elder. [1][2] The berry is the part sold in syrups, gummies and extracts. Other parts of the tree are toxic. [1]What the research shows (NIH summary)
| Use | What NIH says | Strength of evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Colds, flu, upper respiratory infections | Some preliminary research suggests elderberry may relieve symptoms. A small number of studies have been done. [1] | Preliminary |
| COVID-19 | No good evidence. The FDA and the Federal Trade Commission have acted against companies that marketed elderberry with unsubstantiated COVID-19 claims. [1] | None |
| Other uses | Not enough information. [1] | Insufficient |
Safety
- Raw or unripe berries and other tree parts are poisonous; large quantities may cause serious illness. [1]
- Medicine interactions are not detailed on the NIH page, but it advises talking with your provider before using elderberry. [1]
- Little is known about safety in pregnancy or breastfeeding. [1]
Forms
Products include syrups, lozenges, extracts and gummies. We do not give a dose: the studies used particular products, and amounts differ. Do not make your own preparation from wild or garden elder unless an expert has identified the plant and a reliable source gives a safe cooking method.Frequently asked questions
Does elderberry cure the flu?
No. NIH says preliminary research suggests it may relieve symptoms. [1]
Is raw elderberry safe?
No. Raw or unripe berries are poisonous. [1]
References
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH). Elderberry: Usefulness and Safety. Page last updated November 2024.
- GBIF Secretariat. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Names checked 2026-10-22 through the GBIF species match service.
Education, not medical advice. This page is for general information. It does not diagnose or treat any condition and is not a substitute for care from a qualified health professional. Natural does not automatically mean safe. Ask a clinician or pharmacist before changing your care, especially if you take medication, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or have a health condition.